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Squires, V. J. (2025). “Thine Voice is Oh So Sweet”: Gothic Metal and Diverse Vocal Timbres. In L. Burns, & C. Scotto (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook to Metal Music Composition: Evolution of Structure, Expression, and Production (pp. 341–353). New York, New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Abstract: "Metal music vocals are typically characterized by their aggression, which contributes to the overall volume of the music. Nevertheless, with the fracturing of the genre and the formation #of subgenres, vocal expression has developed beyond aggression and loudness. The characteristics of gothic metal result in a gloomy and somber tone that intermingles with its visual theatrics and dark lyrical matter; however, it is the diversity that the subgenre brings to vocal practices which has come to be one of this subgenre’s most substantial contributions to metal.
This chapter unpacks gothic metal’s diverse vocal expressions throughout a timbral analysis grounded in the four vocal timbres identified by Isabella van Elferen—“hollow,” “bombastic,” “tormented,” and “distorted.” Expanding upon this framework for vocal analysis, I replace “bombastic” with “saturated,” and propose a fifth vocal timbre, “ethereal,” in order to address how gothic metal differs from other gothic music styles. A selection of gender-contrasting examples are present to equally recognize male and female vocals.
In using these voice types as a scaffolding for an investigation into diversity in gothic metal vocal expression, this chapter sets apart metal music at large and the gothic style more specifically. This type of interpretive work is essential in order to expand the field of metal music studies, particularly in the area of vocal analysis, which receives limited inquiry, due in part to a greater trend within the field that prioritizes metal’s cultural and social elements."
[SOURCE: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003354451/routledge-handbook-metal-music-composition-lori-burns-ciro-scotto]
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Bleich, S., Zillmann, D., & Weaver, J. (1991). Enjoyment and consumption of defiant rock music as a function of adolescent rebelliousness. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 35(3), 351–366.
Abstract: “Trait rebelliousness and enjoyment of defiant or nondefiant rock music videos were assessed in male and female high school students. Data were analyzed in a 2 X 2 X 2 mixed‐measures design, with subject rebelliousness (low, high) and gender as independent‐measures factors and defiance expressed in rock music (absent, present) as a repeated‐measures factor. Rebellious male students outnumbered rebellious female students by a factor of three. Counter to expectations, highly rebellious students did not enjoy defiant rock videos more than did their less rebellious peers, nor did they consume more defiant rock music than did their peers. Highly rebellious students enjoyed rock videos devoid of defiance significantly less than did their peers, and they consumed significantly less nondefiant rock music than did their peers. Rebellious youths, then, appear to be partial to defiance as a salient theme in rock music, mostly by avoiding rock that is devoid of this theme.”
[SOURCE: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08838159109364130?src=]
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Freeborn, R. (2002). Confronting the Dark Side of the Beat: A Guide to Creating a Heavy Metal Music Collection. Music Reference Services Quarterly, 8(2), 25–37.
Abstract: “Heavy metal music has existed for over thirty years and has garnered millions of fans worldwide. It is, however, a musical style that continues to be neglected by the library world. This article attempts to correct this oversight by providing librarians with a basic guide to collecting heavy metal. Areas covered include metal's basic musical concepts, history, and major subgenres. It concludes with a discussion of important print and electronic resources for heavy metal.”
[SOURCE: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J116v08n02_03]
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Ålöw, T. (2025). Reverberations of Revelation: Thrash Metal Retellings of John’s Apocalypse. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture, 37(2-3), 50–63.
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Narendra, Y. D. (2024). “Holiday in Indonesia”: Memaknai Punk, Metal dan Konsumsi Subkultur Musik Populer di Indonesia Dekade 1980–an [“Holiday in Indonesia”: Understanding Punk, Metal, and the Consumption of Popular Music Subcultures in Indonesia in the 1980s]. In R. A. Nugroho, & M. Fakhran al Ramadhan (Eds.), Meruntuhkan Dinding Kelas: Punk dan Pedagogi di Indonesia [Breaking Down Classroom Walls: Punk and Pedagogy in Indonesia] (pp. 119–133). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Semut Api.
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