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Barmpalexis, A.(S.). (2023). “Medieval Traditions Reconquered and Reclaimed”: Folklore and Folksong as Ideological Tools against Ethnocentrism and Alt-Right Ideologies in Black Metal. ΕΘΝΟΛΟΓΙΑ ON LINE [Ethnologhia On Line], 12, 37–61.
Abstract: << This article, based on ethnographic research, discusses the creation of an album that belongs to the musical
subcategory of medieval black metal. The creator of the album, Christos G., re-imagines, recreates, and presents medieval peasant traditions of resistance and revolt in his Mystras project, but through the perspective of the rebels and not through the official descriptions of the events as written by medieval authorities who belonged to the victorious sides. To achieve this, the artist referred to folklore and traditional song; he wanted to illustrate that, if these two are used within an accurate historical context, they highlight a completely different picture of medieval times than the one usually depicted in black metal, where a white, homogeneous, and noble medieval Europe is constantly portrayed as part of ethnocentric ideologies and reactionary agendas. Folklore and traditional song become ideological “weapons” in Mystras that symbolise that just as the peasants of medieval times revolted against injustice and oppression, so should the artists and audience exclude and eliminate far-right ideologies from black metal. >>
[Source: Open-access PDF of article]
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Brown, A. R. (2024). Resistance Through Music: Exploring the Role of Class Fraction Appropriations and Alliances in the Subcultural Formation of Heavy Metal, Classic, Post and Present. In R. Garbaye, & G. Guibert (Eds.), Musical Scenes and Social Class. Debating Punk and Metal (pp. 17–41). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
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de Alcântara, M. O. (2021). Anarchopunk e tecnologias sociais de resistência: antirracismo e subversão da branquitude na música do grupo Aus Rotten. In R. Barchi (Ed.), Diálogos com a música extrema (pp. 121–152). Porto Alegre: editorafi.org.
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Eckerström, P. (2022). Extreme heavy metal and blasphemy in Iran: the case of Confess. Cont Islam, . Retrieved October 19, 2026, from http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-022-00493-7
Abstract: Since the revolution in 1979, the Islamic Republic of Iran has imprisoned musicians, especially punk, hip-hop, and hard rock bands, as well as those playing heavy metal subgenres. Extreme heavy metal artists and fans emerged in the 1990s. The government soon targeted them as Satanists and began a systematic crackdown on metalheads. The metalcore band Confess is the most well-known case. The band was arrested in 2015 on counts of blasphemy, disturbing public opinion through the production of music, participating in interviews with the opposition media and propaganda against the Islamic Republic of Iran, among other charges. The majority of secular countries today do not consider extreme heavy metal to be transgressive. This is not the case in contexts where religious traditions have a significant influence on society. By analysing the narrative of the band Confess, the purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of how Iranian extreme metal musicians resist religious oppression, challenge their government, religious precepts, and social values through their music.
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Eckerström, P. (2024). Putting transgression into context within the complex Saudi heavy metal scene. Metal Music Studies, 10(1), 9–26.
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Eckerström, P. (2026). Religion as a tool for governance: (de)legitimation of religion among metal musicians and fans in Iran and Saudi Arabia. Religion, State and Society, latest articles.
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Foster, L. (2011). The Rhetoric of Heavy Metal Resistance: Musical Modalities in Iraqi Public Life. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 4(3), 320–338.
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González Martínez, S. (2026). Feminist Metal Music: Learning from the Underground. New York: Bloomsbury.
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González Martínez, S. (2026). Sister Outsider, Sister Love. Embodied Metal Practices of Reconnection, Reconciliation, and Resonation for Decolonising the Body. In J. H. Shadrack, & F. Stevens (Eds.), Women and Femme Voices in Metal Music, Culture, and Scholarship. Feminist Strategies of Resistance (pp. 185–204). London: Routledge.
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López Ramírez Gastón, J. I. (Ed.). (2023). Passport to Hell. Critical Studies on Peruvian Metal. Lanham: Lexington Books.
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