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Brown, A. R. (2024). Resistance Through Music: Exploring the Role of Class Fraction Appropriations and Alliances in the Subcultural Formation of Heavy Metal, Classic, Post and Present. In R. Garbaye, & G. Guibert (Eds.), Musical Scenes and Social Class. Debating Punk and Metal (pp. 17–41). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
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de Alcântara, M. O. (2021). Anarchopunk e tecnologias sociais de resistência: antirracismo e subversão da branquitude na música do grupo Aus Rotten. In R. Barchi (Ed.), Diálogos com a música extrema (pp. 121–152). Porto Alegre: editorafi.org.
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Eckerström, P. (2022). Extreme heavy metal and blasphemy in Iran: the case of Confess. Cont Islam, . Retrieved June 21, 2026, from http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-022-00493-7
Abstract: Since the revolution in 1979, the Islamic Republic of Iran has imprisoned musicians, especially punk, hip-hop, and hard rock bands, as well as those playing heavy metal subgenres. Extreme heavy metal artists and fans emerged in the 1990s. The government soon targeted them as Satanists and began a systematic crackdown on metalheads. The metalcore band Confess is the most well-known case. The band was arrested in 2015 on counts of blasphemy, disturbing public opinion through the production of music, participating in interviews with the opposition media and propaganda against the Islamic Republic of Iran, among other charges. The majority of secular countries today do not consider extreme heavy metal to be transgressive. This is not the case in contexts where religious traditions have a significant influence on society. By analysing the narrative of the band Confess, the purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of how Iranian extreme metal musicians resist religious oppression, challenge their government, religious precepts, and social values through their music.
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Eckerström, P. (2024). Putting transgression into context within the complex Saudi heavy metal scene. Metal Music Studies, 10(1), 9–26.
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Eckerström, P. (2026). Religion as a tool for governance: (de)legitimation of religion among metal musicians and fans in Iran and Saudi Arabia. Religion, State and Society, latest articles.
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Foster, L. (2011). The Rhetoric of Heavy Metal Resistance: Musical Modalities in Iraqi Public Life. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 4(3), 320–338.
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González Martínez, S. (2026). Feminist Metal Music: Learning from the Underground. New York: Bloomsbury.
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González Martínez, S. (2026). Sister Outsider, Sister Love. Embodied Metal Practices of Reconnection, Reconciliation, and Resonation for Decolonising the Body. In J. H. Shadrack, & F. Stevens (Eds.), Women and Femme Voices in Metal Music, Culture, and Scholarship. Feminist Strategies of Resistance (pp. 185–204). London: Routledge.
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López Ramírez Gastón, J. I. (Ed.). (2023). Passport to Hell. Critical Studies on Peruvian Metal. Lanham: Lexington Books.
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Monteanni, L. (2025). Extreme Traditions: On Bandung’s Intergenerational Sonic Ecologies. CTM Magazine: Interviews, Essays, Reflections on Sound, Music and Society, .
Abstract: “Bodies writhing to rhythms, the mind locked onto a supernatural state of being, the sound relentless and seductive at the same time. It could be a metal mosh pit or a site of regional ceremonies. Tracing the intersections between two extreme sonic worlds—the traditional trance ceremonial réak and metal—the musician and researcher Luigi Monteanni examines how a localised traditional sound and a contemporary global genre have influenced each other in West Java, creating unlikely alliances in the ongoing resistance to cooptation by neoliberal politics, as well as to connected experiences of geotrauma and the rise of ethnolocality.”
(SOURCE: https://www.ctm-festival.de/magazine/extreme-traditions-on-bandungs-inter-generational-sonic-ecologies)
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